This book sets forth a debate between myself and the apostle Paul as well as a principal contemporary spokesperson for Paul’s view that Israel is an ethnic entity within the framework of a Judaic system.1 I will show that the Judaism that has set the norms from nearly the time of Paul to our own day conceives of its Israel as never ethnic, but solely transcendental. The Judaism of the dual Torah2 cannot make the distinction critical to Paul’s thought about Israel—the distinction between
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